Every January is observed as National Thyroid Awareness Month to increase public awareness of thyroid disorders. According to the American Thyroid Association, approximately 20 million Americans live with thyroid disorders, yet many remain undiagnosed due to a lack of symptom recognition.
The Importance and Functions of the Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland, located at the front of the neck, is a key endocrine organ responsible for regulating metabolism, energy balance, and body temperature through the secretion of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones. Disorders affecting thyroid function can lead to weight fluctuations, mood swings, cardiovascular problems, and digestive issues.
Common Thyroid Disorders and Their Symptoms1. Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormones, affecting multiple body functions.
Symptoms:
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Persistent fatigue
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Weight gain
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Sensitivity to cold
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Dry skin
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Depressive mood
Causes:
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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the thyroid.
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Iodine Deficiency: Inadequate iodine intake leads to reduced hormone production.
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Thyroid Surgery: Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland reduces hormone production.
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Radiation Therapy: Radiation exposure in the head and neck area can impact thyroid function.
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Congenital Disorders: Some individuals are born with an underdeveloped or absent thyroid gland.
Medical Nutrition Therapy:
✔ Iodine Intake: Consume iodine-rich foods such as seafood, iodized salt, and dairy products.
✔ Selenium Sources: Brazil nuts, tuna, and eggs support thyroid function.
✔ Vitamin D & Omega-3: Reduce inflammation and support metabolic health.
✔ Balanced Carbohydrate Intake: Low glycemic index carbohydrates are recommended.
✔ Caution with Goitrogens: Foods like cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower should be consumed cooked to reduce their effect on thyroid function.
2. Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones, leading to an accelerated metabolism.
Symptoms:
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Rapid heartbeat
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Unintentional weight loss
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Excessive sweating
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Insomnia and anxiety
Causes:
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Graves’ Disease: An autoimmune disorder that overstimulates the thyroid gland.
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Thyroid Nodules: Overactive nodules may produce excessive hormones.
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Thyroiditis: Inflammation can lead to uncontrolled hormone release.
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Excessive Iodine Intake: Overuse of iodine supplements or medications.
Medical Nutrition Therapy:
✔ High Protein and Balanced Diet: Prevents muscle loss.
✔ Calcium and Vitamin D: Helps prevent bone loss.
✔ Avoid Stimulants: Caffeine, tea, coffee, and energy drinks can worsen symptoms.
Goiter
Goiter is the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often appearing as swelling in the neck.
Symptoms:
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Swelling in the neck
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Difficulty swallowing and breathing
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Hoarseness
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Pressure in the throat
Causes:
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Iodine Deficiency: Leads to impaired thyroid hormone production.
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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Chronic inflammation causes thyroid enlargement.
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Graves’ Disease: Overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to gland enlargement.
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Thyroid Nodules: Single or multiple nodules may cause thyroid growth.
Medical Nutrition Therapy:
✔ Iodine-Deficiency-Related Goiter: Moderate iodine intake is recommended.
✔ Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: An anti-inflammatory diet is beneficial.
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer occurs when thyroid cells multiply uncontrollably. Symptoms usually appear in later stages, and treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and radiation therapy.
The Importance of Awareness and Early Diagnosis
Early diagnosis of thyroid disorders significantly improves quality of life. Regular screenings, early detection, and a balanced diet play a vital role in maintaining thyroid health.
