Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that develops in genetically predisposed individuals in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and, in some cases, oats. The consumption of gluten triggers inflammation and villous atrophy in the intestinal lining, impairing the absorption of nutrients and leading to deficiencies in essential micronutrients such as iron, folate, and calcium. The disease manifests with a wide range of symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, anemia, fatigue, and growth retardation.
However, in some individuals, gastrointestinal symptoms may be absent. Instead, only laboratory findings or extraintestinal manifestations—such as osteoporosis or infertility—may be present. The variability in symptoms, and even completely asymptomatic cases, often delay diagnosis. Current estimates suggest that only around 10% of individuals with celiac disease are correctly diagnosed.
At present, the only effective treatment for celiac disease is the lifelong adherence to a strict gluten-free diet. This requires the complete elimination of all foods containing wheat, barley, and rye, including their derivatives. Common sources include bread, pasta, bulgur, semolina, certain baked goods, and malt-based beverages. Additionally, processed foods such as sauces, instant soups, and frozen products may contain hidden sources of gluten, making label reading an essential habit for maintaining a gluten-free lifestyle.
In Türkiye, the Ministry of Health has implemented a comprehensive public health initiative titled the “Control Program for Adult Metabolic Diseases and Celiac Disease (2019–2023).” This program adopts a holistic approach to managing celiac disease, with key objectives including:
Increasing awareness and knowledge among healthcare professionals and the general population,
Enhancing screening and laboratory capacity to support early diagnosis,
Improving access to gluten-free products in public institutions, schools, and healthcare facilities,
Disseminating clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management,
Establishing patient registries and monitoring systems to ensure follow-up care.
In addition, Türkiye’s Social Security Institution provides monthly financial support for individuals diagnosed with celiac disease to help offset the high cost of gluten-free products. This financial aid significantly supports dietary adherence, especially for economically vulnerable patients.
Through these national programs and support mechanisms, the aim is to enhance the quality of life for individuals with celiac disease, improve access to healthcare services, and promote sustainable healthy lifestyle behaviors. Moreover, this initiative operates in coordination with other metabolic disease strategies to provide a comprehensive framework that supports overall public health.
Every year on May 9, World Celiac Day is commemorated to raise global awareness of this condition, promote timely diagnosis and treatment, and foster greater understanding of the challenges faced by those living with celiac disease.
