January: Cervical Cancer Awareness Month

January is recognized worldwide as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, drawing attention to the fact that cervical cancer is largely preventable through effective screening and early detection strategies. Awareness activities carried out during this month aim to increase women’s participation in screening programs, improve public knowledge about cervical cancer, and emphasize the critical role of preventive healthcare services in reducing cancer-related morbidity and mortality.

Cervical cancer develops as a result of progressive cellular changes in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. These changes typically occur slowly and pass through precancerous stages before invasive cancer develops. Because early-stage cervical cancer often does not cause noticeable symptoms, regular screening plays a crucial role in identifying abnormal cellular changes before they progress. When detected early, cervical cancer can be treated effectively with less invasive interventions and high success rates.

The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain high-risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus. While HPV infection is widespread, most individuals clear the virus naturally through their immune response. However, persistent infection with high-risk HPV types may lead to long-term cellular alterations in the cervix, significantly increasing the risk of cancer development. This highlights the importance of both preventive measures and regular follow-up.

The World Health Organization defines cervical cancer as a “preventable cause of death” and emphasizes that it can be eliminated through comprehensive public health strategies that combine vaccination, screening, and timely treatment. In line with these recommendations, Türkiye implements a National Cervical Cancer Screening Program that offers free HPV-DNA testing every five years for women aged 30–65, aiming to reduce the burden of cervical cancer nationwide.

Screening services are provided free of charge through Family Health Centers, Healthy Life Centers, Cancer Early Diagnosis, Screening and Training Centers (KETEM), and mobile screening units. Early-stage cases are often managed successfully with surgical treatment alone, whereas advanced-stage cases may require additional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Regular participation in screening programs is therefore essential for improving outcomes and reducing preventable deaths.

Preventive strategies include HPV vaccination, routine screening, avoiding tobacco use, and maintaining safe sexual practices. HPV vaccination, particularly for girls and boys aged 9–14, is widely recommended as an effective preventive measure against cervical cancer. Through awareness activities conducted throughout January, efforts are focused on empowering individuals with accurate information and promoting a proactive approach to women’s health.

Informed individuals form the foundation of a healthier society.