Pay Attention to Increased Allergic Complaints in Spring Months

Spring allergy (seasonal allergic rhinitis) is a very common condition that occurs particularly in spring due to the increase of airborne pollen. Medically, it is generally referred to as allergic rhinitis and results from an exaggerated immune response to substances that are otherwise harmless. The most common triggers include tree pollens (especially in March–April), grass and weed pollens (April–June), and more rarely, mold spores.

Its symptoms include frequent sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, itching and watering of the eyes, postnasal drip, and sometimes cough and fatigue. These symptoms are often confused with the common cold. In allergic conditions, itching, sneezing attacks, and clear nasal discharge are prominent, while fever is absent. In upper respiratory tract infections, however, fever, sore throat, and thick nasal discharge are more prominent, and symptoms usually resolve within a week. These differences can help distinguish between the two conditions.

Treatment of allergic rhinitis attacks may reduce the progression to asthma, as uncontrolled inflammation in the airways may, over time, lead to coexisting asthma. For diagnosis, a specialist physician’s examination and clinical history are usually sufficient. If necessary, skin prick tests and specific IgE blood tests can be performed to support the diagnosis.

In treatment, the most effective approach is the combined use of antihistamines and intranasal steroids. In resistant cases, allergy vaccines (immunotherapy) may be applied. Nasal sprays can be safely used throughout the allergy season (weeks to months). Their effect does not appear within a few days but requires regular use. Medications used in treatment are generally safe, and the systemic absorption of steroid-containing sprays is extremely low.

Allergy vaccines (immunotherapy) work by gradually desensitizing the body to the allergen. The treatment typically lasts between 3–5 years. It is the only method that can provide long-term improvement, although it is not guaranteed to be effective for every patient.

In the coming years, due to climate change, the earlier onset and prolonged duration of pollen seasons; increased allergenicity of pollen and heightened mucosal sensitivity due to air pollution; and the increased reactivity of the immune system associated with urbanization and changes in hygiene conditions are expected to result in a 20–30% increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis by 2050. A particularly notable rise is expected among children and young adults, along with an increased rate of co-occurrence with asthma.

How can we avoid pollen exposure in large cities? Complete isolation is not possible; however, smart preventive strategies can be applied. These include avoiding outdoor activities during early morning hours (05:00–10:00), using masks and sunglasses when possible, washing the face and hair and changing clothes upon returning home, keeping windows closed during windy weather, and using HEPA filters.

For children, the situation may be more risky as their immune systems are not yet fully developed. Elderly individuals should be monitored carefully due to potential medication side effects and coexisting lung and heart diseases.

If allergy symptoms interfere with daily life, disrupt sleep quality, do not significantly improve despite medication, or are accompanied by asthma or skin symptoms, it is important to consult a specialist physician.